学前教育经费投入水平的地区差异与成因——基于省级数据的实证分析

基于贝叶斯估计的框架，利用MCMC算法建立时变参数VAR模型，以2002年6月-2013年2月国际国内大米价格数据为样本，考察其内在波动传递规律。研究发现：国内大米价格主要受汇率波动和自身价格短期和中期的影响，但受国际大米价格的影响近年来持续上升；国际大米价格受其自身价格的短期影响和中国价格波动的影响程度相当，且中国大米对国际大米价格的影响要高于国际大米对中国大米价格的影响。     

青蛙放养个体大小对稻蛙共育效益的影响

稻蛙共育是一种新的生态稻作模式,高产高效,但在青蛙繁育过程中,由于个体差异,造成稻田可套养时单体质量低于100 g的青蛙数量较多。针对这一情况,笔者对稻田放养单体质量低于100 g青蛙对治虫、养殖效益的影响开展了对比试验。结果表明,稻蛙共育中采用单体质量75g的青蛙放养是可行的,能基本达到100 g单体质量青蛙的放养效果。     

Sodium bicarbonate protects uranium-induced acute nephrotoxicity through uranium-decorporation by urinary alkalinization in rats

To evaluate the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate (SB) in removing uranium and protecting animals from uranium toxicity, we intramuscularly administered 1 mg/kg of uranyl nitrate to 8-wk-old male SD rats, and 20 min after administration of uranyl nitrate, the animals were given a single oral administration of SB at 0.1, 0.3 or 1 g/kg. The SB treatment at a dose of 0.3 g/kg or more raised the pH of the rats’ urine until 4 h after treatment, and it significantly reduced the uranium amounts in the kidneys at 1 day after treatment. In another experiment, rats were intramuscularly administered 1 mg/kg of uranyl nitrate, and 20 min later, the animals were treated with sodium bicarbonate (0.1 or 1 g/kg). The rats were autopsied at 1, 3 and 7 days after uranium treatment. High-dose SB resulted in a significant increase in urinary uranium excretion in the first 24 h and a reduction of uranium deposition in the kidneys and femurs, and it also significantly suppressed uranium-induced renal toxicity, as shown by both histopathology and clinical chemistry at 3 days after uranium treatment. Low-dose SB did not show such marked effects. Our findings demonstrated that the uranium decorporation effect of sodium bicarbonate was observed at the dosage showing urine alkalinization in rats and that decorporation effect of sodium bicarbonate might be beneficial if it is administered immediately after incorporation of soluble uranium.     

The pharmacological effects of the anesthetic alfaxalone after intramuscular administration to dogs

The pharmacological effects of the anesthetic alfaxalone were evaluated after intramuscular (IM) administration to 6 healthy beagle dogs. The dogs received three IM doses each of alfaxalone at increasing dose rates of 5 mg/kg (IM5), 7.5 mg/kg (IM7.5) and 10 mg/kg (IM10) every other day. Anesthetic effect was subjectively evaluated by using an ordinal scoring system to determine the degree of neuro-depression and the quality of anesthetic induction and recovery from anesthesia. Cardiorespiratory variables were measured using noninvasive methods. Alfaxalone administered IM produced dose-dependent neuro-depression and lateral recumbency (i.e., 36 ± 28 min, 87 ± 26 min and 115 ± 29 min after the IM5, IM7.5 and IM10 treatments, respectively). The endotracheal tube was tolerated in all dogs for 46 ± 20 and 58 ± 21 min after the IM7.5 and IM10 treatments, respectively. It was not possible to place endotracheal tubes in 5 of the 6 dogs after the IM5 treatment. Most cardiorespiratory variables remained within clinically acceptable ranges, but hypoxemia was observed by pulse oximetry for 5 to 10 min in 2 dogs receiving the IM10 treatment. Dose-dependent decreases in rectal temperature, respiratory rate and arterial blood pressure also occurred. The quality of recovery was considered satisfactory in all dogs receiving each treatment; all the dog exhibited transient muscular tremors and staggering gait. In conclusion, IM alfaxalone produced a dose-dependent anesthetic effect with relatively mild cardiorespiratory depression in dogs. However, hypoxemia may occur at higher IM doses of alfaxalone.     

竞争效应对红色型豌豆蚜繁殖的影响

为明确种间竞争和种内竞争效应对红色型豌豆蚜生长和繁殖产生的影响,本研究以红色豌豆蚜克隆、绿色型豌豆蚜克隆及豌豆修尾蚜克隆作为试验材料,选用琼脂法,首先制备4种竞争试验区(1头区,2头区,种内竞争区和种间竞争区),观察各试验区蚜虫的种群动态,另准备3个(红色型、绿色型及豌豆修尾蚜)高密度种群处理,分别往里放入1头4龄红色克隆若虫,统计其3日总产蚜数。结果发现,种内竞争区和种间竞争区,二者的竞争效应都非常明显,竞争区混合种群的增殖率高于2头区,种间竞争区红色克隆胜利组单头红色克隆第10天新生蚜数高于其他处理。此外,高密度的绿色克隆和豌豆修尾蚜种群均能抑制红色克隆的繁殖。因此,红色型豌豆蚜能通过评估竞争种和同伴的相对密度来控制繁殖,无论是种间竞争还是种内竞争均能影响其繁殖,且种间竞争可能加速它的繁殖速率。     

大泡核桃与圆菠萝核桃在攀枝花的引种迁移适应性

【目的】长期适应性观测与引种的长期适应性研究对经济林大田推广工作至关重要。【方法】以引种的两个核桃品种(大泡核桃和圆菠萝核桃)为研究对象,通过13年的连续观测和调查,分析两个品种在不同海拔位置的生长量指标、核桃坚果表型性状和内含物等指标,研究他们的长期适应性。【结果】两个核桃品种在攀枝花地区两个试验点可正常进入盛果期,但营养生长和生殖生长的物候期与原栽培地有较大不同,表现出较强的花粉集体效应和EPP错失现象。大泡核桃的坚果品质与原产地无显著差异,粗脂肪含量略低于原产地,蛋白质含量略高于原产地。单果仁重和出仁率均比本地核桃“盐源早”显著升高,且壳厚比“盐源早”更薄,但三者产量基本持平。大泡的果形更加硕大,圆菠萝次之,“盐源早”最小。【结论】在攀枝花地区,大泡核桃的综合性状表现海拔1800m段优于2200m段,可以作为低海拔区域的丰产稳产推荐品种。而圆菠萝核桃的综合性状较原产地均低,在攀枝花地区表现为品质劣化的趋向。但引种的2种核桃,多个方面均表现出比本地“盐源早”更好的农艺性状,推广潜力较大。     

不同杀菌剂对当归主要病害的防效及经济效益比较

针对甘肃当归病害逐年加重态势, 采用田间随机区组试验, 分析比较70%噁霉灵WP?50%氯溴异氰尿酸WP和80%代森锰锌WP对当归主要病害防效及经济效益, 以期筛选出最佳防控药剂?结果表明:3种杀菌剂均能不同程度防治当归病害, 其中以50%氯溴异氰尿酸WP 1.86 g/L对褐斑病?麻口病防效最佳, 分别为70.38%~78.75%?84.48%~91.04%, 70%噁霉灵WP 0.34 g/L和80%代森锰锌WP 7.92 g/L次之, 对褐斑病防效分别为59.14%~63.72%?58.14%~62.84%, 对麻口病防效分别为78.61%~83.57%?78.97%~83.57%?50%氯溴异氰尿酸WP 1.86 g/L能很好地抑制当归抽薹, 抑制率达58.63%~63.15%?3种杀菌剂均能明显提高当归药材产量构成因子, 以80%代森锰锌WP 7.92 g/L处理增产增收效果最好, 两年平均增产量高达5 559.91 kg/hm2, 平均经济效益为194 136.65元/hm2, 但投入产出比最低, 为1∶480.63?50%氯溴异氰尿酸WP 1.86 g/L对当归病害防效及抽薹抑制率最高, 投入产出比为1∶634.02, 在此基础上综合考虑病害防效和经济效益, 50%氯溴异氰尿酸WP 1.86 g/L可作为生产上防控当归主要病害的主推药剂?     

四种替代药剂对梨火疫病菌的抑制活性及其田间防效

为筛选农用链霉素替代药剂,以其为对照药剂,测定春雷霉素、中生菌素、噻霉酮和噻菌铜这4种常用细菌病害防治药剂对梨火疫病菌Erwinia amylovora的抑制活性、对梨火疫病的田间防效及不同药剂处理后梨中的农药残留,并对这4种药剂的作物安全性进行评价。结果表明,中生菌素、噻霉酮和春雷霉素对梨火疫病菌有抑制作用,抑制中浓度EC50分别为1.60、6.64和60.57 mg/L,中生菌素的抑制效果高于链霉素。在连续2年田间试验中,中生菌素1 000倍液和春雷霉素400倍液对梨火疫病的保护效果和治疗效果均达90.33%以上,噻霉酮500倍液和噻菌铜200倍液对梨火疫病的保护效果均达100.00%,治疗效果均超过86.97%,与对照药剂农用链霉素2 000倍液的效果相当。所有药剂处理后均未检出中生菌素、春雷霉素、高效氯氰菊酯和农用链霉素的农药残留,而噻虫嗪、阿维菌素和矮壮素虽有检出,但其残留量均低于国家限量标准。花期前后、幼果期和果实膨大期施药,中生菌素、春雷霉素、噻霉酮和噻菌铜对梨花、叶片、枝梢及果实生长均无不良影响。综合来看,中生菌素、春雷霉素、噻霉酮和噻菌铜均可作为农用链霉素的替代药剂,...